Hormonal Coordination in Living Organisms questions

The figure shows the coiling movement of tendrils in the grape plant. If you know that this movement depends on auxins, which move from the side facing the support to the side away from it, and that the red dots show the distribution of auxins in the tendril, which of the following shows what happened to the part coiled around the support?

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

The opposite figure shows the results of an experiment on a group of oat seedlings after exposure to a side light source. Which seedlings have an incorrect response to the stimulus?

1. A (X) only
2. B (Y) only
3. C (Z), (L)
4. D (L), (M)

From the following figures:
Which seedlings show tropism?

1. A (1), (4) only
2. B (2), (4) only
3. C (1), (2), (4)
4. D (3), (4), (5)

The opposite graph shows the use of auxins on four plants of the same kind but at different concentrations. Which of these concentrations is used to shorten the cultivation time?

1. A (1)
2. B (2)
3. C (3)
4. D (4)

What do steroid hormones have in common with protein hormones?

1. A Being carried in the bloodstream
2. B The basic units that make up each of them
3. C They are secreted in large amounts
4. D Depending on the same receptors in the target cell

Which of the following does NOT fit the description of a hormone?

1. A A substance that changes the original function of the organ
2. B A substance secreted in very small amounts
3. C A substance secreted into the blood in response to a change in the body's physiology
4. D A secreted substance that has target cells

Which of the following statements about the properties of hormones is NOT correct?

1. A They are carried in the bloodstream
2. B They are secreted at different times
3. C They are used as a means of communication inside the body
4. D They have the same chemical structure

The opposite graph shows the role played by the nervous system in stimulating the pancreas cells, through Starling's experiment. What happened to the secretion of pancreatic juice after the nerve connection to the duodenum and the pancreas was cut?

1. A It increased
2. B It was delayed
3. C It stopped
4. D It was not affected

Which of the following statements about hormones is NOT correct?

1. A The concentration of a hormone can be regulated by another hormone
2. B Most hormones have a stimulating effect
3. C The chemical structure of a hormone controls its concentration
4. D It is secreted in definite amounts and its imbalance causes a disorder in the body

Which of the following makes a hormone affect only its target cells and not the other cells of the body?

1. A Special channels that connect the hormone to the target cells
2. B The target cells being very close to the cells that secrete the hormone
3. C The target cells containing receptors for the hormone
4. D The target cells secreting substances that attract the hormone

Which of the following glands has an external secretion inside the body?

1. A The thyroid gland
2. B The lacrimal (tear) glands
3. C The salivary glands
4. D The sweat glands

Which of the following statements is correct about endocrine glands?

1. A Most of them secrete hormones
2. B A dense network of blood capillaries runs through them
3. C They secrete protein substances only
4. D They secrete fatty substances only

Why is the pancreas classified as a mixed gland?

1. A It secretes two kinds of enzymes
2. B It contains duct cells and ductless cells
3. C It has two kinds of ductless cells
4. D It secretes two kinds of hormones

Which of the following glands pours its secretion into the blood only?

1. A The mammary glands
2. B The pancreas
3. C The thyroid gland
4. D The testis

Study the two following graphs (X) and (Y), where (X) shows the normal rate of secretion of a hormone that builds muscles, while (Y) shows a disease caused by a disorder in the secretion of this hormone:
Which of the following conditions may cause this disease in adults?

1. A Atrophy of the nerve cells that produce the hormone in the hypothalamus
2. B Increased activity of the adrenal cortex
3. C A shortage of proteins in meals
4. D Increased activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Atrophy of which of the following regions leads to dehydration of the body?

1. A The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
2. B The adrenal medulla
3. C The middle lobe of the pituitary gland
4. D The hypothalamus

Which of the following distinguishes the hormones FSH and LH from the growth hormone?

1. A The source of secretion
2. B The way they are carried
3. C Their effect in males differs from that in females
4. D Having receptors for them in all body cells

Which of the following hormones is NOT affected when part of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is removed in a female rabbit?

1. A Prolactin
2. B GH
3. C FSH
4. D Parathormone

Which hormone affects exocrine (duct) glands?

1. A LH
2. B ACTH
3. C TSH
4. D Prolactin

Where are the target cells of the hormone oxytocin found?

1. A The lining of the uterus
2. B The muscles of the uterus
3. C The pubic symphysis
4. D The pelvic bones

Laron's syndrome is a syndrome in which the child suffers from very short stature. When the growth hormone level was tested in one of the cases with this syndrome, the results were as in the opposite table:
Hormone: GH, Result: 60, Normal range: 10 to 50 (ng/mL)
From these results, which of the following may cause this?

1. A A disorder in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
2. B A disorder in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
3. C A disorder in the nerve cells that produce the hormone
4. D A disorder in the growth hormone receptors

The two following figures show two different mechanisms of secretion of two hormones (X) and (Y). Study them, then answer:
What do you expect hormone (X) and hormone (Y) to be, respectively?

1. A TSH / Thyroxine
2. B FSH / LH
3. C ACTH / Oxytocin
4. D Prolactin / GH

Which of the following glandular tissues does NOT work under the control of the pituitary gland?

1. A The thyroid gland
2. B The stomach lining
3. C The mammary glands
4. D The adrenal cortex

What condition results from the failure of the pituitary gland to reduce its secretion of growth hormone to the normal rate during childhood?

1. A Cretinism
2. B Dwarfism
3. C Acromegaly
4. D Gigantism

Which hormone directly affects the work of the kidneys?

1. A ACTH
2. B ADH
3. C TSH
4. D FSH

Which of the following is correct about the hormones that directly affect the production of the mother's milk?

1. A They are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland only
2. B They are secreted by the nervous part of the pituitary gland only
3. C One hormone is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the other by nerve cells
4. D One hormone is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the other by the adrenal gland

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the pituitary gland in both males and females, but its effect is clearer in females?

1. A FSH
2. B LH
3. C ADH
4. D Prolactin

From the opposite figure:
Which of the following parts CANNOT form hormones?

1. A (1), (2)
2. B (2), (4)
3. C (2), (3)
4. D (1), (4)

From the opposite figure:
Which of the following parts is responsible for forming the hormones of the glandular part?

1. A (1), (4)
2. B (2), (4)
3. C (3)
4. D (4)

From the opposite figure:
Which of the following parts is responsible for carrying the hormones of the nervous part to the target cells?

1. A (1)
2. B (2)
3. C (4)
4. D (5)

Which of the following is NOT correct about the relation between a gland and the hormone that affects it?

1. A The adrenal medulla and ACTH
2. B The thyroid gland and TSH
3. C The ovary and FSH
4. D The testis and LH

Which of the following glands is affected by a hormone secreted from the hypothalamus?

1. A The male sex glands
2. B The female sex glands
3. C The mammary glands
4. D The thyroid gland

What happens when you drink a large amount of water?

1. A The secretion of FSH increases
2. B The secretion of ADH increases
3. C The secretion of TSH decreases
4. D The secretion of VH decreases

Which of the following is correct about the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

1. A It produces the hormones oxytocin and ADH
2. B It contains no blood vessels
3. C It is more important than the anterior lobe
4. D It contains the endings of the nerve cells that produce hormones

In the opposite figure, an increase in the secretion of which of the following hormones causes the change from state (A) to state (B)?

1. A Oxytocin
2. B Progesterone
3. C Estrogen
4. D Prolactin

Which of the following is directly affected by the hormone LH?

1. A The lining of the uterus
2. B Sertoli cells
3. C The Graafian follicle in the ovary
4. D The placenta

Which of the following can be called the master gland?

1. A The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
2. B The hypothalamus
3. C The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
4. D The nervous stalk of the pituitary gland

Which hormone can be used directly after some surgical operations?

1. A GH
2. B TSH
3. C VH
4. D FSH

Which of the following is NOT affected when part of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is removed in a female laboratory rat?

1. A The secretion of prolactin
2. B The secretion of thyroxine
3. C Fertility
4. D The secretion of parathormone

Which hormone directly regulates the osmotic pressure of the blood?

1. A Thyroxine
2. B ADH
3. C TSH
4. D ACTH

Which of the following results from a decrease in the secretion of ADH?

1. A Amount of urine: small / Urine concentration: low
2. B Amount of urine: small / Urine concentration: high
3. C Amount of urine: large / Urine concentration: high
4. D Amount of urine: large / Urine concentration: low

Which of the following hormones cause contraction of smooth muscles?

1. A Prolactin and VH
2. B Oxytocin and ADH
3. C GH and oxytocin
4. D LH and oxytocin

When a blood sample of a female was tested, the concentrations of ACTH and TSH were normal, but the concentrations of FSH and LH were different from the normal level. This is due to a disorder in the cells of ..........

1. A The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
2. B The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
3. C The hypothalamus
4. D The two ovaries

What do you expect to happen if FSH is not secreted in both males and females?

1. A Sterility of females only
2. B Sterility of males only
3. C Sterility of both males and females
4. D The fertility of neither males nor females is affected

Which of the following hormones affects non-glandular tissues?

1. A TSH
2. B ACTH
3. C LH
4. D ADH

Which of the following is the most common cause of acromegaly?

1. A Enlargement of the pituitary stalk
2. B Increased activity of the cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
3. C Atrophy of the hypothalamus
4. D Absence of receptors from the target cells

Which of the following graphs shows the correct relation between the osmotic pressure of urine (Y) and the concentration of ADH in the blood (X), to keep the osmotic pressure of the blood?

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

The opposite figure shows the effect of one of the hormones in the human body. Study it, then answer:
Which hormone is shown by the letter (X)?

1. A FSH
2. B LH
3. C ADH
4. D ACTH

The opposite figure shows the effect of one of the hormones in the human body. Study it, then answer:
Which of the following leads to the secretion of hormone (X)?

1. A An increase in the concentration of calcium ions in the blood
2. B An increase in the proportion of water in the blood
3. C A decrease in the concentration of sodium ions in the blood
4. D A decrease in the proportion of water in the blood

The opposite figure shows the effect of one of the hormones in the human body. Study it, then answer:
What does the letter (Z) refer to?

1. A The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
2. B The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
3. C The thalamus
4. D The hypothalamus

The opposite figure shows the effect of one of the hormones in the human body. Study it, then answer:
Which of the following is reabsorbed in process (L)?

1. A Sodium ions only
2. B Potassium ions
3. C Sodium ions and water
4. D Water

The opposite figure shows the effect of one of the hormones in the human body. Study it, then answer:
Which process is shown by the letter (Y)?

1. A An increase in the secretion of hormone (X)
2. B An increase in the rate of water reabsorption
3. C Inhibition of the secretion of hormone (X)
4. D Reabsorption of salts

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

1. A Bone cells are affected by the growth hormone
2. B Blood reaches the bone cells
3. C Blood does not reach the cartilage cells
4. D Cartilage cells are not affected by the hormone thyroxine

From the opposite graph, which shows the normal body weight and heart rate of an adult and possible different states (X), (Y), (Z), study it, then answer:
Which of the following shows the state of this person if a severe decrease in the secretion of thyroxine happens?

1. A (X) only
2. B (Y) only
3. C (X) or (Y)
4. D (Y) or (Z)

From the opposite graph, which shows the normal body weight and heart rate of an adult and possible different states (X), (Y), (Z), study it, then answer:
Which of the following shows the state of this person if a clear enlargement of the thyroid gland happens?

1. A (Y) only
2. B (Z) only
3. C (X) or (Z)
4. D (Y) or (Z)

Which of the following characterizes the thyroid gland?

1. A It has an external secretion outside the body
2. B It has an external secretion inside the body
3. C It has both external and internal secretion
4. D It has an internal secretion only

Which of the following results from increased activity of the thyroid gland?

1. A A lower heart rate
2. B An increase in body weight
3. C A lower rate of metabolism
4. D An increase in the rate of food oxidation

Which of the following hormones is secreted under a hormonal effect?

1. A Parathormone
2. B Thyroxine
3. C Oxytocin
4. D ADH

A decrease in which of the following hormones leads to obesity in some adults?

1. A Thyroxine
2. B ACTH
3. C GH
4. D FSH

Which of the following graphs shows the relation between the proportion of calcium in the blood (Y) and the concentration of the hormone calcitonin (X)?

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

The opposite picture shows one of the diseases caused by a hormonal disorder of one of the endocrine glands. What is the name of this condition?

1. A Dwarfism
2. B Cretinism
3. C Myxedema
4. D Acromegaly

Which of the following may cause delayed understanding and puberty in a 17-year-old person?

1. A A shortage of growth hormone
2. B A shortage of TSH
3. C An increase in FSH
4. D An increase in thyroxine

The thyroid gland of a mammal was removed, and then it was injected with thyroxine. The opposite graph shows its basal metabolic rate during 40 days after the injection. Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the graph?

1. A The metabolic rate doubles in the period from the fifth day to the tenth day
2. B This organism needs extra amounts of food in the first week of the injection
3. C The effect of the hormone lasts for several days
4. D The secretion of TSH increases on the tenth day

What happens if the secretion of the gland shown in the opposite figure increases?

1. A Painful muscle cramps
2. B Nervous irritability
3. C Osteoporosis
4. D An increase in body weight

Although the proportion of iodine in a person's blood is high, he suffers from a low secretion of thyroxine. What is the reason for this?

1. A A disorder in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
2. B A disorder in the cells of the thyroid gland
3. C Activity of the cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
4. D Activity of the cells of the parathyroid glands

Which of the following is a reason for a high thyroid stimulating hormone and a low thyroxine in the result of a person's blood test?

1. A Increased activity of the thyroid gland
2. B Decreased activity of the thyroid gland
3. C Increased activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
4. D Decreased activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

The opposite chart shows the role of some hormones in keeping the body temperature when the air temperature drops sharply:
Which of the following represents (X), (Y), (Z)?

1. A (X): anterior lobe of the pituitary gland / (Y): ACTH / (Z): aldosterone
2. B (X): anterior lobe of the pituitary gland / (Y): TSH / (Z): thyroxine
3. C (X): posterior lobe of the pituitary gland / (Y): ACTH / (Z): aldosterone
4. D (X): posterior lobe of the pituitary gland / (Y): TSH / (Z): thyroxine

The opposite chart shows the role of some hormones in keeping the body temperature when the air temperature drops sharply:
What happens when the secretion of hormone (Z) increases above the normal rate?

1. A The activity of (X) increases
2. B The secretion of hormone (Y) increases
3. C The secretion of hormone (Y) decreases
4. D The activity of (X) will not be affected

Which of the following can happen when the secretion of thyroxine increases?

1. A An increase in the production of ATP molecules
2. B A decrease in the speed of the nerve impulse
3. C An increase in the amount of glycogen stored in the liver
4. D An increase in the concentration of free iodine

From the opposite figure, which of the following statements is correct?

1. A Hormone (X) is secreted by the thyroid gland and is called the activity hormone
2. B Hormone (Y) is calcitonin
3. C Substance (Z) affects the level of the two hormones (X), (Y)
4. D The two hormones (X), (Y) are secreted under the effect of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Which of the following affects the secretion of parathormone?

1. A The nerve cells in the hypothalamus
2. B The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
3. C The concentration of sodium ions in the blood plasma
4. D The concentration of calcium ions in the blood plasma

Which of the following choices shows two hormones with opposite actions?

1. A FSH, LH
2. B TSH, VH
3. C Oxytocin, prolactin
4. D Calcitonin, parathormone

Which of the following pairs has an incorrect relation for the changes shown by the following graphs in the human body?

1. A Z, L
2. B X, Z
3. C X, L
4. D Z, Y

After a doctor looked at the test result shown in the opposite table, which shows one of the elements (X) in the blood of a person suffering from painful muscle cramps, he asked for another test of one of the hormones in the blood to confirm the diagnosis:
Test: X, Result: 4.5 (mg/dL), Normal range: 8.5 to 10.2 (mg/dL)
What do you expect this hormone to be?

1. A Thyroxine
2. B ADH
3. C Parathormone
4. D Aldosterone

The following graph shows some possible changes in the concentration of one of the important elements for the skeleton. Which of the following choices can represent the hormones secreted to change the concentration from (A) to (B) and from (C) to (D)?

1. A From (A) to (B): aldosterone / From (C) to (D): ADH
2. B From (A) to (B): ADH / From (C) to (D): aldosterone
3. C From (A) to (B): parathormone / From (C) to (D): calcitonin
4. D From (A) to (B): calcitonin / From (C) to (D): parathormone

Rarely, some women get a syndrome called «Sheehan syndrome», which results from losing a large amount of blood during birth, so not enough oxygen and food reach the pituitary gland, which leads to the death of the cells that produce hormones. In the light of what you studied, which of the following does NOT go with this syndrome?

1. A Low blood pressure
2. B Difficulty in breastfeeding
3. C Release of calcium from the bones
4. D An increase in body weight

The opposite figure shows part of a cross section in the stem of a dicot plant, where the cambium is an unspecialized tissue that can divide to form xylem and phloem, which are specialized tissues. What function of auxins is shown by this?

The opposite figure shows two cells in two different kinds of tissues. What can you conclude from the figure?

From the two opposite figures, which one represents an endocrine gland in the human body? Explain your answer.

The opposite figure shows one of the endocrine glands in the human body:
(1) Part (Y) of the gland is considered to have more effect on the body than part (X). How do you explain this?
(2) One of the hormones of part (X) is used to treat difficult births. Explain.

A runner took part in a race without drinking enough water, which stimulated the pituitary gland to secrete hormone (X), which the blood carried to the kidneys:
(1) Name hormone (X).
(2) What is the effect of this hormone on the kidneys? And how does this affect the formation of urine?

If the nervous part responsible for producing oxytocin in the pituitary gland is damaged, deduce the effect of this on each of the following cases, in the light of what you studied:
(1) A woman in her second month of pregnancy.
(2) A woman at the end of her ninth month of pregnancy.

The opposite graph shows the effect of one of the pituitary hormones on the osmotic pressure of both blood and urine. What is the reason for the change in osmotic pressure?

A disorder happened in the secretion of the thyroid gland of two adults, which led to a severe decrease in the secretion of thyroxine in the first person and an increase in the secretion of thyroxine in the second person:
(1) Deduce the name of the disease in both cases.
(2) How can you tell them apart?

«A lack of iodine in food leads to an increase in the secretion of TSH.» How correct is this statement? Explain.

A patient suffers from a swelling of the neck, bulging eyes, tension and a fast heart rate. The doctors diagnosed his case and decided to operate on him. After the operation the patient complained of more tension and painful muscle cramps:
(1) What was the doctors' diagnosis of the patient's case before the operation? And what is the cause of this disease?
(2) What kind of operation was done? And what is the reason for the patient's complaint after the operation?

A mother noticed symptoms in her son, who is in the first secondary grade: severe tiredness with a clear increase in weight. The doctor asked her to do a group of tests, whose results are shown in the following table:
TSH: blood concentration 7.44, normal range 0.55 : 4.78
Thyroxine: blood concentration 0.58, normal range 1.7 : 4.2
(1) What is the reason for the low level of thyroxine?
(2) What condition may the doctor diagnose from the results in the table?
(3) What method does the doctor use to treat this condition?

The opposite graph shows the result of a thyroxine test for two adults (X) and (Y), whose kind of food led to a decrease in the secretion of thyroxine. After they ate food rich in iodine, the levels of the hormone changed. Which person was suffering from simple goiter? Explain.

The opposite figure shows two kinds of endocrine glands in humans:
(1) A disorder in the secretion of glands (X) causes pain in the body muscles. Explain this.
(2) People living in coastal areas rarely get one of the diseases caused by a low secretion of gland (Y). Explain this.

The opposite graph shows the results of a scientist's study of the effect of increasing the concentration of auxins on plant cells. What can you conclude from this graph? (Trial exam / May 2021)

1. A Increasing the concentration of auxins increases cell growth up to a certain limit
2. B Auxins have no effect on cell growth
3. C Increasing the concentration of auxins causes a continuous increase in cell growth
4. D The rate of cell division decreases when the concentration of auxins decreases

In an experiment on the oat plant, the plants were divided into 3 groups as in the following figure:
Group one: the growing tip was separated from the plant by a metal plate.
Group two: the growing tip was separated from the plant by a gelatin substance.
Group three: the growing tip was cut off and then stuck back directly.
After several days, the growth of group one stopped, while groups two and three kept growing. How do you explain these results? (Trial exam / May 2021)

1. A Continued growth in groups two and three proves that auxins have no role in growth
2. B Growth stopped in group one because the growing tip lost its ability to secrete auxins
3. C A direct connection between the growing tip and the plant is not needed for auxins to pass
4. D There must be a direct connection between the growing tip and the plant for growth to happen

A researcher measured the change in the length of the stem of a plant growing in suitable conditions before and after removing the growing tip. Which graph shows the results of this experiment? (Trial exam / June 2021)

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

Study the opposite figure, which shows an experiment done by a scientist. What can you conclude from the experiment shown in the figure? (1st session 2023)

1. A The growing tip is the region that responds to stimuli
2. B The growing tip is the region that receives stimuli
3. C Removing the receiving region leads to the death of the bending region
4. D The growing tip is not always responsible for receiving stimuli

Which of the following is correct about the receiving region and the bending region in phototropism of the plant? (Sample exam 2025)

1. A They have opposite responses to stimuli
2. B They communicate with each other through auxins
3. C Both of them secrete auxins
4. D Both of them are completely identical

Which of the following statements correctly describes Starling's study of the pancreas? (2nd session 2021)

1. A The pancreas is a duct and ductless gland
2. B The islets of Langerhans are made of alpha and beta cells
3. C Stimulation of the pancreas is not affected by nerve stimulation only
4. D The acinar cells in the pancreas are responsible for secreting enzymes

Which factor is NOT considered a stimulus for the secretion of hormones? (1st session 2024)

1. A A change in the contents of the blood plasma
2. B The secretion of other hormones
3. C Having receptors in the target cells
4. D Sending a nerve impulse to the gland

The two opposite graphs show the relation between the change in the activity of two hormones and the vital processes affected by each of them. What can you conclude about the role of these two hormones? (Sample exam 2026)

1. A Both hormones (X), (Y) are stimulating
2. B Both hormones (X), (Y) are inhibiting
3. C Hormone (X) is inhibiting, hormone (Y) is stimulating
4. D Hormone (X) is stimulating, hormone (Y) is inhibiting

When the speed of the motor response of two brothers was measured, some differences appeared between them. Which of these factors explains these differences? (Sample exam 2026)

1. A The strength of the joints and ligaments
2. B The efficiency of carrying the nerve impulse to the muscles
3. C The strength of the muscles and the flexibility of the tendons
4. D The efficiency of the endocrine glands related to muscle performance

Study the opposite diagram, then deduce: which of the following distinguishes the cells of gland (A) from the cells of gland (B)? (Trial exam 2023)

1. A Permanent ductless
2. B Nervous
3. C Temporary ductless
4. D Permanent duct

Study the opposite diagram, which shows one of the glands in the human body, then deduce: what describes gland (X)? (2nd session 2023)

1. A Permanent endocrine
2. B Mixed
3. C Temporary endocrine
4. D Exocrine (duct)

The opposite table shows the responses of 4 endocrine glands to the pituitary hormones in the human body (gland (1) ✗, (2) ✗, (3) ✓, (4) ✗). What do you expect gland number (3) to be? (Trial exam / May 2021)

1. A The pancreas
2. B The stomach
3. C The adrenal medulla
4. D The adrenal cortex

The opposite graph shows the normal growth rate of children in the region between (X) and (Y), and the symbols (S), (T), (Z), (L) represent four children. Which of them suffers from a low secretion of growth hormone? (2nd session 2021)

1. A S
2. B T
3. C Z
4. D L

Which of the following is NOT one of the properties of the hormone ADH? (1st session 2022)

1. A It is carried in the bloodstream
2. B It keeps the internal balance of the body
3. C It is secreted in small amounts
4. D It is produced by an endocrine gland

Study the opposite diagram, which shows the activity of one of the endocrine glands, then deduce: what characterizes cells (X)? (2nd session 2022)

1. A Nerve cells that produce the hormone
2. B Glandular cells that secrete directly into the blood
3. C Glandular cells that secrete into special ducts
4. D Nerve cells that store

Which of the following hormones, if its level goes back to normal after being over-secreted, will the person NOT go back to his state before the increase? (2nd session 2022)

1. A Growth
2. B Gastrin
3. C Insulin
4. D Glucagon

Study the opposite figure, then decide: which structure is responsible for storing the hormones of the nervous part of the pituitary gland? (1st session 2023)

1. A A blood capillary in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
2. B Glandular cells in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
3. C The nerve ending of the nerve cell found in the hypothalamus
4. D The nerve ending of a nerve cell found in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Which factor leads to the secretion of the hormone ADH? (2nd session 2024)

1. A A decrease in the osmotic pressure of the blood
2. B An increase in the osmotic pressure of the urine
3. C An increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood
4. D A decrease in the rate of urine output

The gland that stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk after birth is .......... (Sample exam 2025)

1. A The ovary
2. B The thyroid gland
3. C The adrenal gland
4. D The pituitary gland

What is the similarity between acetylcholine and the hormone oxytocin? (1st session 2025)

1. A The kind of nerve cells that form them
2. B Being carried in the bloodstream
3. C Affecting the same kind of tissue
4. D Affecting blood pressure

The receptor of the hormone ADH is found in .......... (Sample exam 2026)

1. A The kidneys only
2. B The walls of the arteries only
3. C The kidneys and the walls of the arteries
4. D All smooth muscles and the kidneys

A person had the TSH level in his blood tested, and the result was as shown (result 10.5 mIU/L, normal range 0.5 up to 5.0). If this person has no problem in the pituitary gland, what could this person suffer from? (Trial exam / May 2021)

1. A Exophthalmic goiter
2. B Myxedema
3. C An increase of iodine in the body
4. D A low secretion of calcitonin

The opposite figure shows the thyroid gland in humans. What shows that the figure is a back view of the gland? (Trial exam / June 2021)

1. A The parathyroid glands appear
2. B The red colour of the two lobes
3. C The two lobes are not connected
4. D The follicles appear in the two lobes of the gland

The opposite table shows the result of a test done for a person. What can you conclude from the test result? (1st session 2021)
TSH: test result 10.5, normal level 0.1 to 0.5
Thyroxine: test result 500, normal level 50 to 100

1. A A disorder in the thyroid gland
2. B An increase in the proportion of iodine in food
3. C A disorder in the secretion of the glandular part of the pituitary gland
4. D The pituitary gland works normally

Study the opposite table, which shows the results of tests of three adults of the same age. Which person may suffer from a shortage of thyroxine? (1st session 2021)
First: heart rate 55, blood pressure 100 / 80, weight 150 kg
Second: heart rate 80, blood pressure 130 / 90, weight 70 kg
Third: heart rate 75, blood pressure 150 / 90, weight 90 kg

1. A The second
2. B The first
3. C The first and the third
4. D The second and the third

The hormone leptin is called the «satiety hormone»; it reduces appetite and regulates the amounts of food the body needs. Which hormone has an effect opposite to leptin? (1st session 2022)

1. A Growth
2. B Glucagon
3. C Gastrin
4. D Thyroxine

Which of the following factors increases the rate of secretion of the gland shown in the opposite figure? (2nd session 2022)

1. A The concentration of sodium in the blood
2. B A stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland
3. C A nerve impulse reaching the gland
4. D A decrease in the size of the gland

Study the opposite diagram, which shows the activity of one of the endocrine glands in humans, then deduce: what factor affects the activity of this gland shown in the figure? (Trial exam 2023)

1. A The availability of iodine in food
2. B The availability of calcium in food
3. C A low level of calcium in the blood
4. D A high basal metabolic rate

Study the opposite figure, which shows the thyroid gland, then deduce:
(1) Which of the following parts of the gland are affected by an increase in the level of calcium in the blood? (1st session 2023)

1. A (A), (B), (C)
2. B (B), (C), (D)
3. C (B), (D) only
4. D (C), (D) only

Study the opposite figure, which shows the thyroid gland, then deduce:
(2) Which letter points to a tube-like (duct) structure? (2nd session 2023)

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

Which of the following affects the ability of bone cells to divide and also to bear heavy weights? (Sample exam 2025)

1. A The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the parathyroid glands
2. B The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the adrenal cortex
3. C The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the thyroid gland
4. D The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the thyroid gland

Increased activity of the thyroid gland in adults leads to .......... (2nd session 2025)

1. A Accumulation of fat in the body tissues
2. B An increase in ATP production
3. C Dry skin and hair loss
4. D A high level of glycogen in the liver

What is the mathematical relation between the concentration of calcitonin in the blood and the concentration of calcium in the bones? (2nd session 2025)

1. A Direct
2. B Inverse
3. C Linear
4. D No relation

Which of the following happens when thyroxine increases in the blood? (Sample exam 2026)

1. A Severe obesity
2. B Activation of the glandular part of the pituitary gland
3. C Inhibition of TSH secretion
4. D Muscle cramps

Which of the following is NOT a reason for an increase in the secretion of calcitonin? (1st session 2021)

1. A A decrease of calcium in the bones
2. B An increase in the rate of calcium absorption from the intestine
3. C A decrease in the rate of calcium absorption from the intestine
4. D A temporary increase in the activity of the parathyroid glands

What common factor affects the secretion of the hormones of both the parathyroid glands and the thyroid gland? (2nd session 2021)

1. A Ca²⁺ in the blood
2. B Na⁺ in the blood
3. C I⁻ in the blood
4. D K⁺ in the cells

Which organ is targeted by parathormone in the human body? (1st session 2025)

1. A The blood
2. B The bones
3. C The parathyroid glands
4. D The thyroid and parathyroid glands

Study the opposite diagram, then answer: (Trial exam 2023)
(1) What is the possible chemical structure of the compound shown by the symbol (A)?
(2) Which of the three cells may secrete a hormone when compound (A) reaches it? Explain your answer.

Study the following diagram, which shows the action of one of the hormones: (1st session 2024)
(1) What is the name of hormone (X)? And what is its building unit?
(2) What are the target organs of hormone (X)?

Study the opposite diagram, which shows the action of one of the hormones in the human body: (2nd session 2024)
(1) What is the name of hormone (X)?
(2) What are the target cells of hormone (X)?