Support in Living Organisms questions

The opposite graph shows the amounts of the substances in the walls of some plant cells:
Which of the following represents the epidermis cells of a herbaceous stem?

1. A X
2. B Y
3. C Z
4. D L

The opposite graph shows the amounts of the substances in the walls of some plant cells:
Which of the following represents cork cells and xylem vessels, respectively?

1. A X / L
2. B L / Y
3. C Y / X
4. D Z / Y

The opposite figure shows the endodermis cells in a plant root. In these cells, the middle of the horizontal and side walls is surrounded by a band of suberin called the Casparian strip. What is the result if these cells lose the Casparian strip?

1. A Microbes can easily enter these cells
2. B The plant cells lose water quickly
3. C Water passes through all the cell walls
4. D All the plant cells lose their support

Which of the following is the main role of cutin and suberin in plants?

1. A Supporting the vascular tissues
2. B Keeping the shape of the cell walls
3. C Acting as barriers that are impermeable to water
4. D Controlling the movement of substances into and out of plant cells

The opposite figure shows part of a cross section in a young dicot stem. Study it, then answer:
Which substances are deposited on the cell walls of tissue (Y) and tissue (Z), respectively?

1. A Cellulose / cellulose
2. B Lignin / lignin
3. C Cellulose / lignin
4. D Lignin / suberin

The opposite figure shows part of a cross section in a young dicot stem. Study it, then answer:
Which of the following statements is incorrect?

1. A Tissue (X) is less hard than tissue (Y)
2. B The cells of tissue (Y) are not living
3. C The same substance is deposited on the cell walls of both (X) and (Y)
4. D (Z) is xylem tissue

Which of the following substances is deposited on the walls of sclerenchyma cells?

1. A Cutin
2. B Lignin
3. C Cutin and lignin
4. D Lignin and suberin

The opposite figure shows some common features of three different plant cells. If (A) is an epidermis cell, (B) is a collenchyma cell and (C) is a sclerenchyma cell, answer:
Which of the following describes (X)?

1. A Presence of cutin
2. B Deposition of lignin
3. C Presence of cytoplasm
4. D Deposition of suberin

The opposite figure shows some common features of three different plant cells. If (A) is an epidermis cell, (B) is a collenchyma cell and (C) is a sclerenchyma cell, answer:
Which of the following represents (Y)?

1. A Absence of protoplasm
2. B Absence of the nucleus
3. C Presence of a cell wall
4. D The type of substance deposited on the cell wall

The opposite figure shows some common features of three different plant cells. If (A) is an epidermis cell, (B) is a collenchyma cell and (C) is a sclerenchyma cell, answer:
Which of the following distinguishes cell (C) from cells (A) and (B)?

1. A Presence of the nucleus
2. B Absence of cytoplasm
3. C Presence of chloroplasts
4. D Deposition of suberin

Which substance covers the epidermis of the stems and leaves of the bean plant?

1. A Suberin
2. B Lignin
3. C Cutin
4. D Cellulose

Which of the following substances increase the strength of plant cell walls?

1. A Cutin only
2. B Cellulose only
3. C Suberin and pectin
4. D Cellulose and lignin

Which of the following does not agree with the rest regarding support in the plant?

1. A Cellulose
2. B Chitin
3. C Lignin
4. D Suberin

Which of the following protect the inner tissues of trees and prevent water loss?

1. A Cellulose and lignin
2. B Cutin and cellulose
3. C Cutin and suberin
4. D Lignin and suberin

The opposite figures show several plant tissues. Which of them contain cellulose deposits?

1. A (A) only
2. B (C) only
3. C (A), (B)
4. D (B), (C)

The following table shows the thickness of the cutin layer (mm) on the stems of four different plants. Which of these plants has the most support?

1. A Plant (A): 0.3 mm
2. B Plant (B): 1 mm
3. C Plant (C): 0.6 mm
4. D Plant (D): 0.8 mm

The opposite figure shows part of the lower surface of a leaf of a herbaceous plant, showing structures called stomata through which most transpiration takes place. Why are cells (X) able to protect the inner tissues of the plant?

1. A Deposition of lignin
2. B Deposition of cellulose
3. C Deposition of cutin
4. D Deposition of cellulose and lignin

Plum fruits keep their water content because their outer layer contains ..........

1. A suberin
2. B cellulose
3. C cutin
4. D lignin

Which of the following is not an importance of support in plants?

1. A Giving the plant hardness
2. B Preventing water loss
3. C Protecting the inner tissues of the plant
4. D Transporting water and mineral salts

The opposite figure shows one of the vertebrae of the human vertebral column:
Which of the following lies directly above (X) in the anatomical position?

1. A The first cervical vertebra
2. B The foramen magnum
3. C The second cervical vertebra
4. D The lower jaw

The opposite figure shows one of the vertebrae of the human vertebral column:
What happens if the upper articular process is missing?

1. A A defect in the articulation with the second cervical vertebra
2. B A defect in the articulation with the bones of the cranium
3. C Erosion of the bones of the second cervical vertebra
4. D Erosion of the bones of the cranium

Which of the following vertebrae is the largest movable vertebra in the human vertebral column?

1. A 7
2. B 19
3. C 24
4. D 25

How many shapes of cervical vertebrae are there in the human vertebral column?

1. A 1
2. B 2
3. C 3
4. D 4

How many types of movable vertebrae are there in the human vertebral column?

1. A 2
2. B 3
3. C 4
4. D 5

The opposite figure shows the fourth lumbar vertebra of a human. Study it, then answer:
What is the number of the vertebra that articulates with part (Z)?

1. A 3
2. B 5
3. C 22
4. D 24

The opposite figure shows the fourth lumbar vertebra of a human. Study it, then answer:
Which of the following has the same direction as structure (Y)?

1. A The right upper limb
2. B The left lower limb
3. C The sternum
4. D The pubic symphysis

The opposite figure shows the fourth lumbar vertebra of a human. Study it, then answer:
What is the correct direction of structure (X)?

1. A Lower right
2. B Lower left
3. C Upper right
4. D Upper left

If you know that the giraffe has seven cervical vertebrae, what can you conclude?

1. A The vertebrae are similar in shape
2. B Each vertebra has a size that suits its function
3. C The number of vertebrae differs between organisms
4. D The sizes of vertebrae are equal in different organisms

Which of the following is on the same side as the sternum in the anatomical position?

1. A The pubis
2. B The hip
3. C The ilium
4. D The scapula

The opposite figure shows the structure of the human rib cage. What distinguishes (X) from (Y)?

1. A The type of tissue
2. B Connection with the thoracic vertebrae
3. C Connection with the scapula
4. D Connection with the sternum

How many bones are there in the human axial skeleton?

1. A 153
2. B 126
3. C 80
4. D 51

The size of vertebra number (20) compared with the size of vertebra number (19) of the human vertebral column is ..........

1. A smaller
2. B equal
3. C slightly larger
4. D much larger

In which region is the vertebra that divides the vertebral column into two equal numbers?

1. A Cervical
2. B Thoracic
3. C Lumbar
4. D Sacral

How many bones are there in the human vertebral column?

1. A 24
2. B 26
3. C 28
4. D 33

Which of the following structures does not belong to the axial skeleton?

1. A The clavicle
2. B The sternum
3. C The twelfth rib
4. D The first coccygeal vertebra

In which of the following are the first and third vertebrae of the vertebral column similar?

1. A Shape
2. B Size
3. C Function
4. D Type

Which of the following is true for the two groups (X) and (Y) of vertebrae of the vertebral column?

1. A They have the same number of bones
2. B They have the same number of vertebrae
3. C They connect with the ilium
4. D They have equal sizes

What is vertebra number (27) of the vertebral column?

1. A The second lumbar
2. B The third sacral
3. C The fourth coccygeal
4. D The second sacral

What type is vertebra number (15) of the vertebral column?

1. A Lumbar
2. B Coccygeal
3. C Sacral
4. D Thoracic

Which of the following is the direction of curvature of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar groups of vertebrae, respectively?

1. A Forward / backward / forward
2. B Backward / forward / forward
3. C Forward / forward / backward
4. D Backward / backward / forward

In the opposite figure, which numbers represent the parts that help the movement of the vertebral column?

1. A (1), (2)
2. B (2), (3)
3. C (3), (4)
4. D (2), (5)

What is the number of the vertebra to which rib pair number (5) is connected?

1. A 12
2. B 13
3. C 14
4. D 15

Which pair of ribs is connected to vertebra number (17) of the vertebral column?

1. A The seventh
2. B The eighth
3. C The ninth
4. D The tenth

What is the number of the middle cervical vertebra?

1. A 3
2. B 4
3. C 5
4. D 7

The opposite graph shows the sizes of three types of movable vertebrae in humans:
What do vertebrae (X), (Y) and (Z) represent, respectively?

1. A Lumbar / cervical / thoracic
2. B Cervical / thoracic / lumbar
3. C Lumbar / thoracic / cervical
4. D Cervical / lumbar / thoracic

The opposite graph shows the sizes of three types of movable vertebrae in humans:
How many vertebrae of type (Y) are there?

1. A 4
2. B 5
3. C 7
4. D 12

The opposite figure shows part of the human axial skeleton. Study it, then answer:
In which region of the vertebral column is this structure found?

1. A Sacral
2. B Lumbar
3. C Thoracic
4. D Cervical

The opposite figure shows part of the human axial skeleton. Study it, then answer:
What is the number of the part through which a component of the central nervous system passes?

1. A (1)
2. B (2)
3. C (5)
4. D (6)

The opposite figure shows part of the human axial skeleton. Study it, then answer:
Which of the following ribs can number (3) represent?

1. A The eleventh right rib
2. B The sixth right rib
3. C The twelfth left rib
4. D The seventh left rib

The opposite figure shows part of the human axial skeleton. Study it, then answer:
What does part number (4) represent?

1. A A spinous process
2. B An upper articular process
3. C A lower articular process
4. D A transverse process

The opposite figure shows part of the human axial skeleton. Study it, then answer:
Part number (6) articulates with vertebra number ..........

1. A 12
2. B 13
3. C 14
4. D 17

If the rib number is (X), what is the number of the vertebra it is connected to?

1. A X + 7
2. B X − 7
3. C 18 − X
4. D 19 − X

Which of the following gives the position of the vertebra that divides the vertebral column into two equal numbers?

1. A It comes before the vertebra connected to the second pair of floating ribs
2. B It comes after the vertebra connected to the second pair of floating ribs
3. C It comes before the vertebra connected to the first pair of floating ribs
4. D It comes after the vertebra connected to the first pair of floating ribs

From the opposite figure:
Which of the following groups take part in the connection with the other parts of the human axial skeleton?

1. A A, B
2. B B, C
3. C D, E
4. D B, D

From the opposite figure:
Which of the following parts do not belong to the trunk region in humans?

1. A (A) only
2. B (B) only
3. C (B), (C)
4. D (D), (E)

How many paired processes are there in a thoracic vertebra?

1. A 2
2. B 3
3. C 6
4. D 7

Which of the following is true about the opposite figure?

1. A Structure (2) belongs to the skeletal system
2. B Structure (4) is a movable jaw
3. C Through structure (1) the brain is connected to the spinal cord
4. D Structure (3) is a facial part that protects the brain and the sense organs

In what are the cervical vertebrae similar to the lumbar vertebrae?

1. A Shape
2. B Size
3. C Articulation
4. D Number

Which of the following represents two vertebrae that differ in general shape?

1. A 1, 2
2. B 6, 7
3. C 18, 19
4. D 20, 21

What is the ratio of the number of movable vertebrae to the number of fused vertebrae?

1. A 3 : 8
2. B 9 : 7
3. C 8 : 3
4. D 3 : 5

The figure in front of you is a side view of a vertebra. If this is vertebra number (18) of the vertebral column, answer:
Which of the following structures connects this vertebra with vertebra number (17)?

1. A (2)
2. B (3)
3. C (4)
4. D (5)

The figure in front of you is a side view of a vertebra. If this is vertebra number (18) of the vertebral column, answer:
Which of the following structures connects this vertebra with vertebra number (19)?

1. A (2)
2. B (3)
3. C (4)
4. D (5)

How many bones are formed by the fusion of some vertebrae of the human vertebral column?

1. A 1
2. B 2
3. C 5
4. D 9

Which of the following is not a function of the axial skeleton?

1. A Protecting the spinal cord
2. B Supporting the heart
3. C Helping in movement
4. D Protecting the lungs

The opposite graph shows the numbers of the types of vertebrae of the vertebral column. Study it, then answer:
If (E) refers to the sacral vertebrae, which of the following is the correct order of the vertebrae of the vertebral column from top to bottom?

1. A B → A → C → E → D
2. B D → C → A → E → B
3. C B → A → D → E → C
4. D B → D → A → E → C

The opposite graph shows the numbers of the types of vertebrae of the vertebral column. Study it, then answer:
The vertebra that articulates with the skull belongs to ..........

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

The opposite graph shows the numbers of the types of vertebrae of the vertebral column. Study it, then answer:
Which vertebrae take part in forming the rib cage?

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

Which of the following bones has the greatest effect on the movement of the lower part of the lower limb?

1. A The femur
2. B The fibula
3. C The tibia
4. D The patella

Which of the following bones has no cavities?

1. A The ulna
2. B The pelvis
3. C The scapula
4. D The radius

Which of the following bones of the axial skeleton is connected to the pectoral girdle?

1. A The seventh cervical vertebra
2. B The first rib
3. C The first thoracic vertebra
4. D The sternum

How many bones are there in one human upper limb?

1. A 15
2. B 20
3. C 25
4. D 30

From the opposite figure, bone (X) is connected to the two upper limbs by ..........

1. A one pair of bones
2. B ten pairs of bones
3. C eleven pairs of bones
4. D twelve pairs of bones

How many bones are there in one human foot?

1. A 12
2. B 17
3. C 26
4. D 27

Which of the following corresponding parts of the upper limb and the lower limb differ in number of bones?

1. A The forearm and the leg
2. B The wrist and the ankle
3. C The palm and the metatarsus
4. D The phalanges of the hand and the phalanges of the foot

In what are the wrist bones similar to the ankle bones?

1. A Number
2. B Type of tissue
3. C Shape
4. D Size

Which of the following is the correct order of the bones by length, from the longest to the shortest?

1. A Humerus → femur → ulna
2. B Ulna → femur → humerus
3. C Femur → humerus → ulna
4. D Ulna → humerus → femur

If the number of bones of the upper limb is (X), how many bones are there in the lower limb?

1. A X
2. B X + 1
3. C X − 1
4. D X + 2

In what do the bones of the palm differ from the metatarsal bones of the foot?

1. A Number
2. B Length
3. C Type of tissue
4. D Type of skeleton

How many cavities are there in the appendicular skeleton?

1. A 2
2. B 4
3. C 6
4. D 8

What is the total number of bones of the pectoral girdle and the rib cage together with the thoracic vertebrae?

1. A 25
2. B 29
3. C 37
4. D 41

Which of the following statements applies to the opposite bone?

1. A It forms the upper part of the upper limb
2. B It forms the upper part of the lower limb
3. C Another bone lies parallel to it, and together they form part of one upper limb
4. D Another bone lies parallel to it, and together they form part of one lower limb

From the opposite figure:
Which side does this figure represent?

1. A Right, front
2. B Right, back
3. C Left, front
4. D Left, back

From the opposite figure:
Which bone does the red shading show to be broken?

1. A The scapula
2. B The clavicle
3. C The sternum
4. D The head of the humerus

Which of the following includes more than half the number of bones of the body?

1. A The girdles and the ribs
2. B The two upper limbs and the two lower limbs
3. C The vertebral column and the ribs
4. D The vertebral column and the girdles

Which of the following is made of the smallest number of bones?

1. A The ankle
2. B The forearm
3. C The pectoral girdle
4. D The skull

How many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?

1. A 80
2. B 126
3. C 206
4. D 260

Which of the following statements applies to the two opposite figures (X) and (Y)?

1. A (X) is the left arm and (Y) is the right arm
2. B (X) is the right arm and (Y) is the left arm
3. C (X) is a broken arm and (Y) is a healthy arm
4. D (X) is (Y) after the rotation of the radius

The graph in front of you shows the number of bones of the parts of one human upper limb. Which of the following is the correct order of the bones of this limb from top to bottom?

1. A L → Y → Z → X → M
2. B M → Y → X → Z → L
3. C M → Y → Z → X → L
4. D L → X → Z → Y → M

From the opposite figure, which bones is this structure connected to in the human body?

1. A The first ten pairs of ribs only
2. B The first ten pairs of ribs and the two clavicles
3. C The twelve pairs of ribs only
4. D The twelve pairs of ribs and the two scapulae

Which of the following tissues covers the heads of bones?

1. A Nervous
2. B Connective
3. C Muscular
4. D Epithelial

Which of the following applies to the knee joint?

1. A It is formed where two bones meet
2. B It includes all the components of the skeletal system
3. C It moves in a circular movement
4. D It includes a cartilage disc

Which of the following figures shows the movement at joint (X)?

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

The figure in front of you shows two joints in the human body: (A) is the knee joint and (B) is the hip joint. Which of the following does not correctly describe (X)?

1. A The type of tissue between the bones at the joint
2. B The number of bones forming the joint
3. C The type of limb the joint belongs to
4. D The type of skeleton the joint belongs to

Which of the following joints does part (X) of the bone in front of you help to form?

1. A The elbow
2. B The knee
3. C The shoulder
4. D The hip

Which of the following movements does not need joints?

1. A Chewing food
2. B Nodding the head
3. C Kicking a ball
4. D Closing the eyes

What type of joints connect the limbs with the girdles in humans?

1. A Freely movable synovial joints
2. B Slightly movable synovial joints
3. C Fibrous
4. D Cartilaginous

Which of the following bones form the shoulder joint?

1. A The humerus, the scapula and the clavicle
2. B The humerus, the ulna and the radius
3. C The humerus and the clavicle only
4. D The humerus and the scapula only

Which of the following statements about synovial joints is true?

1. A They are all joints that allow movement
2. B They contain equal amounts of synovial fluid
3. C Each is the meeting of two bones only
4. D They contain hard cartilage discs

Study the opposite figure, then answer:
Which of the following bones does bone (X) articulate with?

1. A The scapula only
2. B The ulna and the radius only
3. C The scapula and the clavicle
4. D The scapula, the ulna and the radius

Study the opposite figure, then answer:
What is the number of the vertebra pointed to by letter (Y)?

1. A 7
2. B 9
3. C 12
4. D 17

From the opposite figure, how many bones form joint (X) in an adult?

1. A Two bones
2. B Three bones
3. C Four bones
4. D Five bones

Figures (X) and (Y) show bones of the appendicular skeleton. Which of the following applies to them?

1. A A freely movable synovial joint is formed at the upper part of each of them
2. B A slightly movable synovial joint is formed at the upper part of each of them
3. C A fibrous joint is formed at the lower part of each of them
4. D Cartilaginous joints are formed at the lower part of each of them

Why do patients with osteoarthritis feel pain in the knee joint when they move and walk?

1. A Increase in synovial fluid
2. B Erosion of the cartilage
3. C Torn ligaments
4. D Inflamed tendons

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

1. A The hip joint is more stable than the shoulder joint
2. B The acetabulum (hip socket) is deeper than the glenoid cavity (shoulder socket)
3. C The hip joint has limited movement compared with the elbow joint
4. D The hip joint contains cartilage

Between which of the following pairs of vertebrae are there no cartilaginous joints?

1. A 3, 4
2. B 16, 17
3. C 24, 25
4. D 26, 27

Which of the following bones starts with a freely movable synovial joint and ends with a slightly movable synovial joint?

1. A The humerus
2. B The tibia
3. C The radius
4. D The ulna

Which of the following bones does the lower part of the tibia articulate with?

1. A The metatarsals
2. B The femur
3. C The ankle bones
4. D The phalanges of the foot

The opposite figure shows part of the upper limb of the human skeleton. Study it, then answer:
Which of the following articulates with the lower end of bone (X)?

1. A The lower end of the ulna
2. B The lower part of the wrist
3. C The lower end of the humerus
4. D The upper part of the wrist

The opposite figure shows part of the upper limb of the human skeleton. Study it, then answer:
In the cavity of which of the following does the head of bone (Y) sit?

1. A The upper end of the ulna
2. B The lower end of the ulna
3. C The upper end of the radius
4. D The outer end of the scapula

The opposite figure shows part of the upper limb of the human skeleton. Study it, then answer:
How many bones form joint (Z)?

1. A One bone
2. B Two bones
3. C Three bones
4. D Four bones

The opposite figure shows part of the upper limb of the human skeleton. Study it, then answer:
Which of the following is true about structure (L)?

1. A It is a connective tissue
2. B It is rich in blood capillaries
3. C It covers the ends of all bones
4. D It is found in all joints

Study the opposite figure, which shows a condition of the foot in which the foot swells when it is twisted. In which of the following do you expect a tear at the swollen area?

1. A The nerves
2. B The ligaments
3. C The muscles
4. D The cartilages

Which of the following pairs is incorrect?

1. A Synovial joints – allow movement
2. B Cartilages – prevent movement
3. C Tendons – transmit movement
4. D Ligaments – limit the range of movement

How many ligaments connect the femur with the tibia?

1. A 1
2. B 2
3. C 3
4. D 4

How many ligaments connect the femur with the fibula?

1. A 1
2. B 2
3. C 3
4. D 4

In the opposite figure, which structures are most likely to be torn in football players?

1. A (1), (2)
2. B (2), (3)
3. C (3) only
4. D (2) only

What does letter (X) represent in the opposite figure?

1. A A ligament
2. B A tendon
3. C A bone
4. D A cartilage

Which of the following does not apply to tendons?

1. A They are attached to skeletal muscles
2. B They are attached to bones at the synovial joint
3. C They are highly elastic
4. D They are a connective tissue

The opposite figure shows the knee joint. Study it, then answer:
Which bone does number (7) point to?

1. A The ulna
2. B The tibia
3. C The femur
4. D The fibula

The opposite figure shows the knee joint. Study it, then answer:
What does number (1) point to?

1. A A ligament
2. B A bone
3. C A tendon
4. D A muscle

The opposite figure shows the knee joint. Study it, then answer:
Which of the following has a role in determining the direction of movement in this joint?

1. A (1)
2. B (7)
3. C (1), (4)
4. D (3), (4)

The opposite figure shows the knee joint. Study it, then answer:
Which of the following statements is incorrect?

1. A Part (5) has a limited range of movement
2. B Part (2) is attached to a tendon and a ligament
3. C Part (6) is a connective tissue
4. D Part (1) determines the range of movement of part (7)

In the opposite figure, what do (X) and (Y) represent, respectively?

1. A Tendon / synovial fluid
2. B Ligament / synovial fluid
3. C Cartilage / tendon
4. D Tendon / cartilage

Which of the following distinguishes ligaments from tendons?

1. A They are strong and tough
2. B They are a connective tissue
3. C They have some elasticity
4. D They are attached to bones

In the opposite figure, in what is structure (X) similar to structure (Y)?

1. A Degree of elasticity
2. B Type of tissue
3. C Attachment to muscles
4. D How it works

Study the following two figures, which show two different types of plant cells, then answer:
Suggest the name of the deposited substance (X) in figure (1) and the deposited substance (Y) in figure (2).

The two opposite figures show two types of plant tissues:
(1) What type are tissues (1) and (2)?
(2) What type of substances are deposited in tissue (1) and in tissue (2)?

How many articular processes take part in the movement of the vertebrae shown in the opposite figure?

The opposite figure shows vertebra number (20). What are the numbers and names of the structures that connect this vertebra with vertebra number (19) and vertebra number (21)?

What are the differences between vertebra number (15) and vertebra number (30) of the vertebral column?

If you know that human ribs are divided into:
(1) True ribs, each attached on its own to the sternum by one cartilage.
(2) False ribs: 3 pairs of ribs on the two sides; the three on each side join together before they are attached to the sternum by one cartilage.
(3) Floating ribs, which are not attached to the sternum.
What are the numbers of the vertebrae to which the false ribs are connected?

Study the opposite figure, which shows part of the human skeleton, then answer:
(1) Structure (X) takes a long time to heal after an accident. How do you explain this?
(2) What happens if structure (Y) is made of one bone?

The opposite graph shows the numbers of bones of one human lower limb. If (Z) refers to the femur, give the letter, the name and the number of bones of each part forming the bones of the foot, in order from top to bottom.

From the opposite figure:
(1) Based on what you have studied, what types of joints are in the figure?
(2) Give the numbers and names of the parts that are components of the axial skeleton.

In the opposite figure, what type is joint (X) and joint (Y)?

The opposite figure shows where 3 bones meet. Based on that, what happens in the following cases:
(1) The amount of substance number (2) decreases?
(2) Structure number (3) is absent?
(3) Structure number (1) is cut?

The two opposite figures show some joints in humans. What are the similarities and differences between joints (1) and (2)?

Study the opposite figure, then answer:
(1) What happens if structure (X) has no elasticity?
(2) Structure (Y) links two systems of the body. Explain this.

Although ligaments are important in the movement of joints, cutting a ligament completely may not stop the movement of the bones at the joint. Explain this.

Study the opposite figure, which shows part of the human lower limb, then answer:
(1) What is the difference between structure (X) and structure (Z)?
(2) What happens when structure (Y) is torn? Explain.

The two opposite figures show two positions of foot movement. Which of them depends on the Achilles tendon? Explain your answer.

A person finds it difficult to move the humerus although it is healthy. What are the possible explanations?

Study the opposite figure, then answer:
(1) What are the expected causes of the tear (X)?
(2) Does this tear need surgery or not? Why?
(3) How can you recognise this injury by a physical examination?

Which of the tissues shown in the following figures give the plant support and prevent water loss from its outer surface? (Sample exam 2026)

1. A (A) only
2. B (B) only
3. C (C) only
4. D (A), (B)

The figure in front of you shows the structure of the last thoracic vertebra. Study it, then answer:
(1) What is the result of the absence of structure (2)? (2nd session 2021)

1. A A defect in the articulation with the second floating rib
2. B A defect in the articulation with the first lumbar vertebra
3. C The spinal cord is not protected
4. D No articulation with vertebra number (18) of the vertebral column

The figure in front of you shows the structure of the last thoracic vertebra. Study it, then answer:
(2) Through which of the parts shown in the drawing does a component of the central nervous system pass? (Sample exam 2026)

1. A (2)
2. B (3)
3. C (4)
4. D (5)

Study the two opposite figures, then conclude: what is the result of the nasal septum changing from (X) to (Y)? (1st session 2022)

1. A Broken nasal bones
2. B A high proportion of O₂ reaching the lungs
3. C Difficulty in breathing
4. D Complete blockage of the air passages

Study the opposite figure, which shows a top view of a vertebra in the human body:
(1) Which of the following parts faces the same direction as the facial part of the skull? (1st session 2023, Sample exam 2025)

1. A (1)
2. B (2)
3. C (3)
4. D (4)

Study the opposite figure, which shows a top view of a vertebra in the human body:
(2) Which of the parts numbered (1) to (4) are the ribs connected to? (Sample exam 2026)

1. A (2), (4)
2. B (2), (3)
3. C (1), (3)
4. D (3), (4)

The opposite figure shows a top view of the first cervical vertebra, and the structure labelled (X) is the upper articular process of this vertebra. Which part of the skull articulates with the structure labelled (X)? (2nd session 2023)

1. A The cranium
2. B The facial part
3. C The foramen magnum
4. D The lower jaw

All the processes of vertebra number (12) of the vertebral column articulate with other bones except the .......... (Sample exam 2026)

1. A upper articular process
2. B spinous process
3. C transverse process
4. D lower articular process

How many bones connect the appendicular skeleton with the axial skeleton? (1st session 2025)

1. A 2
2. B 4
3. C 6
4. D 26

How many bones form the rib cage, and what type are they? (2nd session 2025)

1. A 25 bones - flat
2. B 25 bones - long
3. C 35 bones - flat
4. D 33 bones - flat

The opposite drawing shows part of the upper limb. What is the result of this fracture? (1st session 2021)

1. A The nerve impulse stops reaching the muscle
2. B The muscle tendon is torn
3. C The joint ligament is torn
4. D The forearm cannot be moved

The opposite figure shows some bones of the appendicular skeleton. Where do the two ends of the bone labelled (X) articulate? (2nd session 2025)

1. A The glenoid cavity and the rib cage
2. B The sternum and the ribs
3. C The humerus and the rib cage
4. D The sternum and the scapula

Which of the following bones has no cavity in which the head of another bone sits? (Sample exam 2026)

1. A The ulna
2. B The radius
3. C The scapula
4. D The pelvis

If structures (X) and (Y) are made of the same tissue in the human skeletal system, and structure (Z) links them:
(1) What does symbol (L) represent? (Trial exam / June 2021)

1. A A tendon
2. B A ligament
3. C A joint
4. D A muscle

If structures (X) and (Y) are made of the same tissue in the human skeletal system, and structure (Z) links them:
(2) What is the effect of the absence of structure (L)? (1st session 2022)

1. A Structure (Y) stops moving
2. B The movement of structure (Y) cannot be controlled
3. C Structure (X) wears away
4. D Structure (Z) is strained

A person has severe pain in the region of the lumbar vertebrae, which affects the nerves that control the movement of the lower limb. What is the cause of this person's condition? (1st session 2021)

1. A A decrease in the synovial fluid between the lumbar vertebrae
2. B Absence of the lower articular process of the lumbar vertebrae
3. C Erosion of the cartilage between the lumbar vertebrae
4. D A decrease in the amount of calcium in the lumbar vertebrae

Study the opposite figure of a group of vertebrae of the vertebral column of an adult, then determine how many joints there are between the vertebrae shown in the figure. (1st session 2024)

1. A Four
2. B Two
3. C One
4. D Zero

The figure in front of you shows some joints of the human body. Which structure is responsible for determining the direction of movement at these joints? (Trial exam / May 2021)

1. A (1)
2. B (2)
3. C (3)
4. D (4)

In front of you is one of the joints of the human body. If the ligaments of this joint were replaced by tendons, which function would not be carried out at this joint? (1st session 2021)

1. A The ability to move the joint
2. B Reducing the friction of the bones
3. C Growth of the bones in this region
4. D Controlling the direction of movement of the joint

Study the opposite figure, which shows one of the joints of the human body, then determine which of the following happens when this joint is sprained (twisted). (1st session 2023)

1. A A fracture in structure (5)
2. B Erosion of structure (6)
3. C A tear in structure (3)
4. D A tear in structure (2)

Which of the following is not a function of ligaments? (2nd session 2023)

1. A Binding the bones together at the joint
2. B Holding some body organs in place
3. C Moving the bones when the muscles contract
4. D Allowing the uterus to expand during pregnancy

Study the opposite figure, which shows one of the joints of the human body:
(1) What is the expected result if muscle (6) loses its elasticity? (2nd session 2022)

1. A Structure (4) tears
2. B Structure (5) tears
3. C Structure (1) wears away
4. D A decrease in structure (2)

Study the opposite figure, which shows one of the joints of the human body:
(2) What is the expected result if substance (2) is absent? (Trial exam 2023)

1. A Movement at the joint becomes difficult
2. B The thickness of tissue (1) increases
3. C The joint becomes immovable
4. D Movement at the joint is not affected

Study the opposite figure, which shows one of the joints of the human body:
(3) Which of the structures shown in the figure has some elasticity and can increase in length? (Sample exam 2026)

1. A (2)
2. B (4)
3. C (5)
4. D (3)

Study the figure in front of you, then conclude:
(1) What is the result of cutting the structure labelled (B)? (1st session 2024)

1. A Structure (A) becomes unable to contract
2. B Structure (C) moves in a different direction
3. C Structures (A) and (E) may tear
4. D Structures (C) and (D) become unable to move

Study the figure in front of you, then conclude:
(2) The bone labelled (C) works to .......... (Sample exam 2026)

1. A reduce the friction of the bones at the joint
2. B protect the knee joint
3. C make the movement of the bones easier
4. D balance the knee joint

Study the opposite figure, then determine the possible cause of the tear in the structure labelled (A). (2nd session 2024)

1. A A sudden contraction in structure (A)
2. B Loss of elasticity of structure (A)
3. C Accumulation of lactic acid in the gastrocnemius muscle
4. D A defect in the performance of the gastrocnemius muscle

Which of the following parts of the skeletal system is not a connective tissue? (1st session 2025)

1. A Joints
2. B Bones
3. C Tendons
4. D Ligaments