Geological Structures of the Earth's Crust Rocks questions

The following geological structures (H) and (J) were found in sedimentary rocks. What do the structures (H) and (J) represent, respectively?

1. A (H) ripple marks / (J) graded bedding
2. B (H) cross bedding / (J) graded bedding
3. C (H) cross bedding / (J) mud cracks
4. D (H) mud cracks / (J) ripple marks

All of the following are geological structures that form after the sediments become rocks except ..........

1. A ripple marks
2. B folds
3. C faults
4. D joints

From the opposite figure, which of the following causes the formation of the two structures (Z) and (X)?

1. A (X) environmental factors, (Z) water currents
2. B (X) environmental factors, (Z) internal forces
3. C (X) water currents, (Z) tectonic forces
4. D (X) internal forces, (Z) environmental factors

A sedimentary bed consists of grains of unequal size. The average grain size of its upper part is 0.02 mm, of its middle part 1 mm and of its lower part 3 mm. The geological structure that this bed represents is ..........

1. A graded bedding
2. B cross bedding
3. C ripple marks
4. D mud cracks

The opposite picture shows a rock mass formed by water currents. This rock mass belongs to the .......... structures.

1. A tectonic
2. B secondary
3. C primary
4. D igneous

The opposite figure represents deposits in the form of sand dunes formed by .......... factors.

1. A internal
2. B climatic
3. C tectonic
4. D secondary

The opposite figure represents ..........

1. A graded bedding
2. B cross bedding
3. C mud cracks
4. D ripple marks

Cross bedding is a geological structure that may result from ..........

1. A earthquakes
2. B water currents
3. C volcanoes
4. D tectonic pressure

The geological structure shown in the opposite picture forms by the action of ..........

1. A heat and dryness
2. B compression forces
3. C internal forces
4. D tectonic forces

By studying the following geological structures, we find that the sedimentary rocks that formed at the beginning of deposition in both sections were in the form of ..........

1. A horizontal layers
2. B igneous rocks
3. C faulted rocks
4. D folded layers

Which of the following choices is correct for distinguishing between an anticline and a syncline?

1. A Anticline: the limbs diverge downwards, syncline: the youngest layers are on the outside
2. B Anticline: the youngest layers are on the outside, syncline: the limbs diverge upwards
3. C Anticline: the limbs converge downwards, syncline: the oldest layers are in the centre
4. D Anticline: the oldest layers are in the centre, syncline: the limbs converge upwards

In the opposite horizontal section, if layer (X) is the oldest layer and (L) is the youngest layer, what is the shape resulting from taking the vertical section (a – b)?

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

In front of you is a horizontal section of sedimentary layers. Which of the following vertical sections matches the section along (X – Y)?

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

If the ratio between the structural elements of a fold is (1 : 2 : 2) and its limbs converge upwards, this indicates the presence of ..........

1. A a syncline made of two layers
2. B an anticline made of two layers
3. C a fold whose youngest layers are in the centre
4. D a fold whose oldest layers are on the sides

An anticline has two layers (X) and (Y). If the age of (X) is 5 million years and the age of (Y) is 2 million years, then layer ..........

1. A (X) surrounds layer (Y)
2. B (Y) surrounds layer (X)
3. C (X) is farther from the centre than (Y)
4. D (Y) is found in the centre of the fold

A fold consists of 4 layers, so the number of its limbs is ..........

1. A 1
2. B 2
3. C 4
4. D 8

The opposite vertical section contains some geological structures. The layer marked by the letter (A) ..........

1. A represents the youngest layer in the structure that contains it
2. B was deposited in the form of folds
3. C represents the oldest layer in the structure that contains it
4. D formed because it was exposed to tension forces

How many axes does the opposite fold have?

1. A 1
2. B 3
3. C 5
4. D 6

The structural element of folds whose number depends on the number of layers cut by another structural element is ..........

1. A the axis
2. B the axial plane
3. C the limb
4. D the centre of the fold

In the opposite block diagram, the letter (A) refers to ..........

1. A the axial plane of the fold
2. B one of the limbs of the fold
3. C one of the axes of the fold
4. D the centre of the anticline

A fold consists of 10 complete layers, so the numerical relation between the limbs and the axes, respectively, is ..........

1. A 10:1
2. B 1:5
3. C 5:1
4. D 1:10

In folds in which the youngest layers are at the centre ..........

1. A the limbs converge downwards
2. B the limbs converge upwards
3. C the limbs diverge downwards
4. D the oldest rocks are surrounded by younger ones

The vertical section in front of you represents geological structures that we may benefit from in all of the following except ..........

1. A obtaining hot springs
2. B determining the age relation of rocks
3. C obtaining groundwater
4. D obtaining petroleum

The study of folds shows the relation between their layers because they are ..........

1. A deposited only on land
2. B clearer in igneous rocks
3. C arranged in time from the centre outwards
4. D clearer in metamorphic rocks

The structural element of a fold that may cut all the layers that have not been eroded is ..........

1. A the axis
2. B the axial plane
3. C the two limbs
4. D the crest of the fold

The graph that represents the relation between the age of the layers and the distance from the centre of an anticline is ..........

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

The geological structure resulting from the breaking and movement of the rocks above the fracture plane towards the older layers is a ..........

1. A normal fault
2. B thrust fault
3. C reverse fault
4. D strike-slip fault

Two normal faults that join in the rocks of the hanging wall indicate ..........

1. A the presence of old layers surrounded by younger layers
2. B the presence of young layers surrounded by older layers
3. C that the area was exposed to a compression force
4. D that the layers between the two faults stand out upwards

The opposite block diagram shows a .......... fault.

1. A reverse
2. B normal
3. C horst
4. D graben

In which of the following faults may the fault plane be perpendicular to the direction of movement of the rock mass?

1. A The strike-slip fault
2. B The reverse fault
3. C The normal fault
4. D The horst fault

One of the tectonic structures that has a role in encouraging therapeutic tourism is ..........

1. A joints
2. B faults
3. C anticlines
4. D synclines

Which of these structures appears in sedimentary rocks only?

1. A Faults
2. B Cross bedding
3. C Joints
4. D Folds

All of the following are among the importance of faults except that they are ..........

1. A petroleum traps
2. B places of hot springs
3. C places where natural gas forms
4. D places where manganese is deposited

A normal fault happens when ..........

1. A the rocks on both sides of the fracture are pushed towards each other
2. B the rocks above the fracture plane move in the direction of gravity
3. C the rocks on both sides of the fracture shake up and down
4. D the rocks on both sides of the fracture move in the same plane

The figure in front of you represents a vertical section of a geological structure resulting from tectonic forces that led to fracturing. It is a .......... fault.

1. A normal
2. B reverse
3. C thrust
4. D strike-slip

The opposite vertical section represents geological structures, which are ..........

1. A normal faults
2. B joints
3. C horsts
4. D reverse faults

The fault in which no vertical displacement of the rocks on both sides is expected is the .......... fault.

1. A reverse
2. B normal
3. C horst
4. D strike-slip

Which of the following faults differs in the type of tectonic forces that cause its formation?

1. A The normal fault
2. B The thrust fault
3. C The horst fault
4. D The graben fault

The opposite block diagram shows a fault in the American state of Montana. What is the type of the fault?

1. A Normal fault
2. B Reverse fault
3. C Horst fault
4. D Graben fault

The opposite block diagram represents an area containing many faults. Study it well, then answer:
What is the type of fault (A)?

1. A Graben
2. B Reverse
3. C Thrust
4. D Strike-slip

The opposite block diagram represents an area containing many faults. Study it well, then answer:
What is the type of forces acting on fault (B)?

1. A Tension forces
2. B Compression forces
3. C Tension and compression forces together
4. D External forces

The formation of Pharaoh's Bath (Hammam Faraoun) on the eastern coast of the Gulf of Suez is due to the occurrence of ..........

1. A cross bedding in sedimentary rocks
2. B bending in a group of sedimentary rocks
3. C a fracture in a group of rocks without displacement
4. D a fracture in a group of rocks with displacement

The opposite figure represents a vertical section of an area that was folded, then successive earth movements affected it and formed the faults (F1) and (F2). The letters that indicate the rocks of the hanging wall are ..........

1. A B, C
2. B A, C
3. C B
4. D A

By studying the following two vertical sections, what is the similarity between the two tectonic structures in sections (1) and (2)?

1. A The presence of the older layers surrounded by younger layers
2. B Both tectonic structures result from compression forces
3. C Both happen as a result of the breaking and displacement of rocks
4. D They are found only in sedimentary rocks

Which of the following does not describe the opposite structure?

1. A It results from tension forces
2. B It results from compression forces
3. C The rocks of the hanging wall move almost horizontally
4. D It is one of the types of reverse faults

The displacement of neighbouring rock blocks as a result of being exposed to compression causes ..........

1. A joints
2. B normal faults
3. C thrust faults
4. D folds

The opposite fault resulted from the movement of the rocks of the hanging wall ..........

1. A downwards relative to the rocks of the footwall
2. B upwards relative to the rocks of the footwall
3. C horizontally without vertical displacement
4. D almost horizontally with a slightly inclined vertical displacement

The downward movement of the rocks between two normal faults is known as the .......... fault.

1. A graben
2. B horst
3. C thrust
4. D strike-slip

The following vertical sections are of layers that were broken and displaced as a result of tectonic forces. What are the types of tectonic structures represented in sections (1), (2) and (3), respectively?

1. A (1) normal fault / (2) reverse fault / (3) graben fault
2. B (1) reverse fault / (2) normal fault / (3) graben fault
3. C (1) reverse fault / (2) normal fault / (3) horst fault
4. D (1) normal fault / (2) reverse fault / (3) horst fault

Joints are distinguished from faults by ..........

1. A being tectonic structures
2. B the absence of displacement of the rocks on both sides of the fracture
3. C being a fracture in rock masses
4. D being found in sedimentary rocks only

The rock block (Y) in the opposite figure represents ..........

1. A a hanging wall for both faults (F1) and (F2)
2. B a footwall for both faults (F1) and (F2)
3. C a hanging wall for fault (F1) and a footwall for fault (F2)
4. D a footwall for fault (F1) and a hanging wall for fault (F2)

The structures (A) and (B) in the opposite vertical section happen because of ..........

1. A (A) tension forces - (B) compression forces
2. B (A) compression forces - (B) tension forces
3. C (A) tension forces - (B) tension forces
4. D (A) compression forces - (B) compression forces

The opposite vertical section shows the rock layers (A), (B) and (C), and the letter (F) represents a fault. The correct order of events from oldest to youngest is ..........

1. A C then B then A then F
2. B A then B then C then F
3. C F then C then B then A
4. D F then A then B then C

The tectonic structures in the opposite vertical section formed as a result of the rocks being exposed to ..........

1. A tension, then the tension force increased
2. B compression, then the compression force increased
3. C compression, then tension and fracturing
4. D tension, then compression and fracturing

The geological structure that is considered a possible place for petroleum oil to collect is ..........

1. A graded bedding
2. B cross bedding
3. C the joint
4. D the horst

The opposite figure shows a vertical section of an anticline showing joints in the shale layers. Study it well, then answer:
The number of joints in the older shale layer is less than in the younger shale layer, although the force acting on each of them is the same. This may be because ..........

1. A the old shale layer is thicker than the young layer
2. B the young shale layer is thicker than the old layer
3. C the old shale layer is less cohesive than the young layer
4. D the young shale layer is more cohesive than the old layer

The opposite figure shows a vertical section of an anticline showing joints in the shale layers. Study it well, then answer:
The ratio between the number of axes and the number of limbs of the fold, respectively, is ..........

1. A 1:2
2. B 3:2
3. C 2:1
4. D 1:4

Which of the following graphs represents the relation between the ability of a rock to withstand tectonic forces and the number of its joints, when exposed to the same magnitude, direction and type of tectonic forces?

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

The following figures represent vertical sections of the same rock exposed to the same magnitude, direction and type of tectonic forces. The figure most affected by the formation of joints is ..........

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

The bending of the layers of the Earth's crust downwards as a result of being exposed to compression, and with the increase of compression, may produce ..........

1. A a syncline and a reverse fault
2. B an anticline and a normal fault
3. C an anticline and a reverse fault
4. D a syncline and a normal fault

The section that represents a fault formed as a result of compression acting on the layers is ..........

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

The geological structure in which the oldest layer is found surrounded by younger layers, among the following, is ..........

1. A the graben fault
2. B the horst fault
3. C the thrust fault
4. D the syncline

The faults that result from tension forces and share the rocks found below the fault plane are the .......... faults.

1. A thrust
2. B reverse
3. C graben
4. D horst

Which of the following is one of the benefits of a rock fracture that results from tectonic forces and is not accompanied by movement?

1. A Petroleum oil collects in it
2. B It is used in therapeutic tourism
3. C Estimating the age of rocks
4. D It is used in making obelisks

The opposite vertical section shows a fault in sedimentary rock layers, with the north and south directions shown by arrows. In the light of your study of faults, we find that the fault most probably formed ..........

1. A after the deposition of the rock layers, as the northern side of the rocks moved down
2. B after the deposition of the rock layers, as the southern side of the rocks moved down
3. C before the deposition of the rock layers, as the southern side of the rocks moved down
4. D before the deposition of the rock layers, as the southern side of the rocks moved up

The following vertical section is of a river channel in the middle of a layered sequence of sandstone and shale, with a fault below the river channel. Which of the following types of faults is found below the river channel in the previous section?

1. A Normal fault
2. B Reverse fault
3. C Graben fault
4. D Strike-slip fault

In front of you is a vertical section with an igneous intrusion whose age is 5 million years. The two faults may be ..........

1. A (F1) 4 million years old and (F2) 4 million years old
2. B (F1) 6 million years old and (F2) 4 million years old
3. C (F1) 4 million years old and (F2) 6 million years old
4. D (F1) 6 million years old and (F2) 6 million years old

In front of you is part of a vertical section of a tectonic structure (F) resulting from tension forces. The ages of the rock blocks (X) and (Y), respectively, are probably ..........

1. A (X) 300 million years / (Y) 400 million years
2. B (X) 250 million years / (Y) 300 million years
3. C (X) 300 million years / (Y) 200 million years
4. D (X) 250 million years / (Y) 400 million years

From the opposite vertical section, what are the types of the faults (F1) and (F2)?

1. A (F1) normal fault - (F2) reverse fault
2. B (F1) reverse fault - (F2) normal fault
3. C (F1) and (F2) are both normal faults
4. D (F1) and (F2) are both reverse faults

The following figure represents a horizontal section of a sedimentary sequence containing a geological structure, in which the limestone layer is the youngest. The geological structure in the section may be ..........

1. A an anticline whose layers bend downwards
2. B a syncline whose layers bend downwards
3. C an anticline whose layers bend upwards
4. D a syncline whose layers bend upwards

In front of you, in the opposite vertical section, are two normal faults that join in the rocks of the footwall. Assuming no break in deposition in the lower group, the correct order of the layers (A → B → C) in terms of age is ..........

1. A 200 million years → 300 million years → 400 million years
2. B 200 million years → 400 million years → 300 million years
3. C 100 million years → 200 million years → 300 million years
4. D 300 million years → 200 million years → 100 million years

If you find, in a vertical sequence, two parallel groups of sedimentary rocks separated by an erosion surface, the resulting structure is called ..........

1. A a disconformity
2. B a nonconformity
3. C an anticline
4. D an angular unconformity

Which of the following represents a similarity between the angular unconformity and the nonconformity?

1. A The older layers are igneous or metamorphic
2. B The younger layers are igneous or metamorphic
3. C The younger layers are sedimentary
4. D The older layers are sedimentary

The presence of inclined layers of sedimentary sandstone and shale above igneous granite rocks indicates ..........

1. A a disconformity
2. B an angular unconformity
3. C a nonconformity
4. D the presence of a normal fault

Which of the following indicates the presence of an angular unconformity surface?

1. A The presence of a layer of sedimentary sandstone above a layer of metamorphic marble
2. B The presence of a fold with horizontal sedimentary layers above it
3. C The presence of horizontal sedimentary layers with a joint, above them a horizontal sedimentary layer
4. D The presence of a horizontal layer of sedimentary sandstone with a horizontal layer of sedimentary shale above it

Which of the following cannot be seen in geological structures?

1. A The limb of a fold
2. B The fault plane
3. C The axis of a fold
4. D The unconformity surface

The presence of a disconformity surface indicates the occurrence of the following geological events except ..........

1. A stopping of deposition
2. B erosion
3. C absence of fossils
4. D a difference in the dip of the layers

From the following vertical section, which of the following choices most accurately shows the types of the two unconformity surfaces?

1. A (X – X) disconformity surface - (Y – Y) nonconformity surface
2. B (X – X) disconformity surface - (Y – Y) angular unconformity surface
3. C (X – X) angular unconformity surface - (Y – Y) angular unconformity surface
4. D (X – X) angular unconformity surface - (Y – Y) nonconformity surface

From the opposite vertical sedimentary section, the type of the unconformity surface (X – X) is ..........

1. A angular
2. B disconformity
3. C nonconformity
4. D secondary

In the opposite vertical section, (A), (B), (C) and (D) represent rock units. Which of the following choices represents the correct order of the rock units from oldest to youngest?

1. A B then C then A then D
2. B C then D then B then A
3. C C then B then D then A
4. D B then A then D then C

The unconformity surface in the opposite vertical section is ..........

1. A a nonconformity
2. B angular
3. C a disconformity
4. D secondary

The opposite vertical section shows an unconformity surface between rocks formed in different periods of time. Study it well, then answer:
The type of the unconformity surface in the section is ..........

1. A nonconformity
2. B angular
3. C disconformity
4. D secondary

The opposite vertical section shows an unconformity surface between rocks formed in different periods of time. Study it well, then answer:
The most accurate choice that is evidence of the formation of the unconformity surface in the section is ..........

1. A the difference in the dip of the layers on both sides of the unconformity surface
2. B the presence of conglomerate above the unconformity surface
3. C the folding of the metamorphic slate rock
4. D the presence of sandstone layers above the conglomerate

The opposite figure represents a vertical sedimentary sequence in the Earth's crust. By studying it, we find that folding and erosion happened after the formation of the ..........

1. A mudstone layer but before the formation of the shale layer
2. B sandstone layer and after the formation of the gypsum layer
3. C coal layer but before the formation of the sandstone layer
4. D limestone layer but before the formation of the coal layer

The following vertical sections show the sequence of events in an area. What is the correct order of the events in the previous sections from oldest to youngest?

1. A A then B then C then D
2. B D then B then C then A
3. C A then D then C then B
4. D D then B then A then C

The following figures represent three vertical sections (3), (2) and (1), where the shale layer in section (3) is the youngest layer in the three sections. Which of the following does not represent an unconformity surface?

1. A The boundary between the sandstone and coal layers in section (1)
2. B The boundary between the sandstone and limestone layers in section (3)
3. C The boundary between the limestone and shale layers in section (3)
4. D The boundary between the limestone (Z) and sandstone (V) layers in section (2)

In the opposite vertical sequence, if the rocks (S), (T) and (V) are sedimentary rocks and (U) represents an igneous lava flow, which of the following choices describes the surfaces (X), (Y) and (Z)?

1. A (X) angular unconformity - (Z) nonconformity
2. B (X) angular unconformity - (Z) disconformity
3. C (Y) disconformity - (Z) nonconformity
4. D (X) nonconformity - (Y) disconformity

By studying the vertical sections (A), (B) and (C), which belong to the same area and contain no unconformity surfaces, we find that layer (X) has the same age as layer ..........

1. A (1)
2. B (2)
3. C (3)
4. D (4)

The three vertical sections (A), (B) and (C) represent rock outcrops in the same area, and the line (X – Y) represents a fault. The youngest sedimentary rock layer among the following is ..........

1. A black shale
2. B grey limestone
3. C brown sandstone
4. D conglomerate

Study the opposite figure well, then answer the following questions:
(1) What are the types of the geological structures (1) and (2)?
(2) Show one difference between structure (4) and structure (5).
(3) Deduce the cause of the formation of structure (3).

The opposite graph shows the relation between the distance from the centre of the fold and the age of the layers for two different types of folds. Study it well, then answer:
(1) What is the type of folds (X) and (Y)?
(2) What structural elements are always equal in number in the two structures?

Study the two structures (X) and (W), then answer:
(1) Compare the two structures (X) and (W) in terms of the time relation between the layers.
(2) What is the type of tectonic forces that cause the two structures (X) and (W)?

Study the vertical section shown in front of you, which represents one of the types of folds, then answer:
(1) What is the type of the fold shown? And what is the type of tectonic forces that formed it?
(2) Which of the layers (1), (2), (3) and (4) is the oldest?
(3) How many axial planes are there in the fold?

The opposite block diagram shows one of the faults. Study it well, then answer:
(1) What is the type of the fault shown in the section? And why?
(2) What is the economic importance of what the letter (X) indicates?

Study the opposite vertical section, which shows sedimentary sequences containing several different geological structures, then answer:
(1) Deduce the type of the structures (X) and (Y).
(2) How did structure (Z) form?

In the opposite vertical sedimentary section, the numbers (1) to (10) indicate successive sedimentary layers. Study it well, then answer:
(1) Compare structure (C) and structure (D).
(2) There is a similarity in economic importance between the two structures (A) and (B). Explain this.
(3) Which of the following geological events is the oldest? (deposition of layers (7) and (8) / the group (1) to (5) being affected by compression forces / deposition of layer (10) / the group (1) to (5) being affected by tension forces).

Study the vertical sedimentary section in front of you, then answer:
(1) What does each of the structures (1) and (4) represent? And why? And structure (3)? State its type.
(2) What is structure (2)? And why?

When studying a vertical geological section, the events in the section were arranged as follows:
(1) Crystallisation of igneous granite rocks.
(2) Deposition and lithification of two layers of sand and then clay above the granite.
(3) Tension forces that broke all the rocks, and the fracture was accompanied by movement.
(4) Erosion, then deposition and lithification of two layers of lime and then shale.
Question (1): Show the position of the unconformity surfaces in the section.
Question (2): Compare the types of unconformity found in the section.

In front of you are two vertical sections (I) and (II) of rock layers 15 km apart. Study them well, then answer:
(1) How do you explain the absence of layer (G) from section (I)?
(2) What is the youngest rock in section (II)?

The opposite figure represents a vertical section of some rock units. The line (X-Y) is a fault and the line (W-Z) is an unconformity surface. Study it well, then answer:
(1) What is the type of the fault (X - Y)?
(2) What is the type of the unconformity surface (W - Z)? Explain your answer.

Study the following vertical section, then answer:
(1) What is the type of the fault shown in the section?
(2) How many unconformity surfaces are there in the section? And what are their types, in the order they happened from oldest to youngest?

Study the opposite vertical section, then answer:
(1) Show the types of the unconformity surfaces shown in the section.
(2) If the schist rock is found in the right limb of a fold, what is the type of this fold?

From the opposite geological structure, what is the name of the structure? And what is the cause of its formation? (1st session 2022)

1. A Cross bedding - water currents
2. B Graded bedding - water currents
3. C Graded bedding - tectonic pressure
4. D Cross bedding - tectonic pressure

The opposite vertical section represents a group of sediments in a bed. What is the name of this structure? (1st session 2024)

1. A Graded bedding, one of the primary structures
2. B Ripple marks, one of the secondary structures
3. C Mud cracks, one of the tectonic structures
4. D Cross bedding, one of the geological structures

A fold consists of five layers. The ratio between the elements of the fold (axial plane, axis and limb), respectively, is .......... (Trial exam / May 2021)

1. A 1:2:5
2. B 2:5:1
3. C 5:1:2
4. D 1:5:2

The time relation between the layers can be determined by means of .......... (Trial exam / June 2021, Sample exam 2025)

1. A folds
2. B faults
3. C joints
4. D primary structures

What characterises the opposite geological structure? (1st session 2021)

1. A The limbs diverge downwards
2. B The oldest layers are in the centre
3. C The number of limbs equals the number of axes
4. D The number of axes equals the number of layers

Which of the following figures helps in knowing the time relation between the rocks of the Earth's crust? (2nd session 2021)

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

The opposite figure represents a model of a group of tectonic structures. Which structure is not found in this figure? (Trial exam / May 2021)

1. A Normal fault
2. B Strike-slip fault
3. C Horst fault
4. D Reverse fault

Tectonic compression forces produced a fault (A) whose plane is inclined to the horizontal plane at an angle of 12° and a fault (B) whose plane is inclined to the horizontal plane at an angle of 52°. The expected classification of the faults (A) and (B), respectively, is .......... (Trial exam / May 2021)

1. A (A) reverse / (B) thrust
2. B (A) thrust / (B) normal
3. C (A) thrust / (B) reverse
4. D (A) reverse / (B) normal

Some mineral deposits are found on a geological structure resulting from a fracture with movement of the rocks. The structure and the deposits are expected to be, respectively, .......... (Trial exam / June 2021, Sample exam 2025)

1. A fold / calcite
2. B fault / calcite
3. C fault / coal
4. D fold / gypsum

What is the type of fault in which the layers of the hanging wall move in the direction of gravity? (Trial exam / June 2021, Sample exam 2025)

1. A Reverse
2. B Thrust
3. C Strike-slip
4. D Graben

What is the tectonic structure in which a young layer is found surrounded by older layers? (Trial exam / June 2021, Sample exam 2025)

1. A Thrust fault
2. B Anticline
3. C Normal fault
4. D Graben fault

The opposite figure represents a hot water spring that formed as a result of .......... (1st session 2021)

1. A compression only acting on the layers, which led to their wrinkling
2. B compression or tension acting on rock layers, which led to their breaking and the change of their level
3. C compression only acting on the layers, which led to their breaking only
4. D an earth movement that led to raising water above the Earth's surface

A sedimentary sequence was exposed to tectonic tension forces coming from inside the Earth, so we expect to find all of the following except .......... (2nd session 2021)

1. A a horst fault
2. B a graben fault
3. C a thrust fault
4. D a normal fault

Two tectonic structures: (A) was used to know old geological events, and (B) was used in building the Abu Simbel temple. They are, respectively, .......... (2nd session 2021)

1. A (A) joint / (B) fault
2. B (A) fold / (B) joint
3. C (A) joint / (B) anticline
4. D (A) syncline / (B) fault

The following figures formed from fractures accompanied by displacement:
What is the number of the figure in which no difference in the level of the layers on both sides of the fracture happened? (1st session 2022)

1. A (1)
2. B (2)
3. C (3)
4. D (4)

What is the direction of movement of the broken blocks in structure (X) and structure (Y), respectively, in the opposite figure? (1st session 2022)

1. A (X) and (Y) in the same plane
2. B (X) and (Y) vertical movement
3. C (X) vertical movement / (Y) in the same plane
4. D (X) in the same plane / (Y) vertical movement

What distinguishes an anticline from a reverse fault? (1st session 2022)

1. A The horizontal repetition of some layers
2. B The type of forces causing it
3. C The type of geological structure
4. D The increase in the area of the region where it happens

Study the two structures (A) and (B) well, then deduce:
What distinguishes structure (A) from structure (B)? (2nd session 2022)

1. A The older layers are surrounded by the younger layers
2. B The rocks of the hanging wall moved up
3. C The rocks of the footwall moved down
4. D The younger layers are surrounded by the older layers

How do you describe the geological structure shown in front of you? (2nd session 2022)

1. A A normal fault in which the rocks of the footwall move up
2. B An overthrust fault in which the rocks of the footwall move down
3. C A reverse fault in which the rocks of the hanging wall move down
4. D A normal fault in which the rocks of the hanging wall move up

By studying the following geological section:
Which numbers refer to the geological structures that resulted from compression forces acting on the layers? (2nd session 2022)

1. A (2), (3)
2. B (4), (5)
3. C (1), (3)
4. D (2), (4)

By studying the opposite geological structures, what is the number of the geological structure that does not form as a result of tension forces? (2nd session 2022)

1. A (1)
2. B (2)
3. C (3)
4. D (4)

Horizontal rock layers rise 15 metres above sea level and contain an inclined joint. An earthquake moved the block above the fracture plane so that it became 10 metres above sea level. What is the expected structure? (Trial exam 2023)

1. A Reverse fault
2. B Thrust fault
3. C Normal fault
4. D Strike-slip fault

In the opposite vertical section, what is the type of the two geological structures (1) and (2)? And what is the type of forces causing each of them? (Trial exam 2023)

1. A (1) normal fault and tension forces, (2) reverse fault and compression forces
2. B (1) reverse fault and compression forces, (2) reverse fault and compression forces
3. C (1) reverse fault and compression forces, (2) normal fault and tension forces
4. D (1) normal fault and tension forces, (2) normal fault and tension forces

The types of geological structures in the opposite figure are .......... (1st session 2023, Sample exam 2025)

1. A one normal fault and three reverse faults
2. B two reverse faults and two normal faults
3. C one reverse fault and three normal faults
4. D one strike-slip fault and three reverse faults

A rock containing a fossil 350 million years old has, on both sides, rocks containing a fossil 250 million years old. Which geological structures describe this? (1st session 2023)

1. A Graben fault or anticline
2. B Horst fault or syncline
3. C Horst fault or anticline
4. D Graben fault or syncline

In which of the following faults do the rocks of the footwall move in the direction of gravity? (2nd session 2023)

1. A Thrust
2. B Horst
3. C Strike-slip
4. D Normal

An area was exposed to an earthquake that formed a series of normal faults. What is the structure resulting from two faults whose planes come close at the top? And what is the type of forces causing it? (2nd session 2023)

1. A Horst fault - tension forces
2. B Graben fault - tension forces
3. C Graben fault - compression forces
4. D Horst fault - compression forces

The following two block diagrams (W) and (Z) show two types of tectonic structures, and the age of the layers is shown in millions of years:
What are the types of the tectonic structures (W) and (Z), respectively? (1st session 2024)

1. A (W) normal fault / (Z) reverse fault
2. B (W) / (Z) both normal faults
3. C (W) reverse fault / (Z) normal fault
4. D (W) / (Z) both reverse faults

The correct choice that describes the following tectonic structures is .......... (2nd session 2024)

1. A (X) reverse fault, (Y) normal fault, (Z) joint
2. B (X) normal fault, (Y) reverse fault, (Z) normal fault
3. C (X) normal fault, (Y) strike-slip fault, (Z) reverse fault
4. D (X) reverse fault, (Y) strike-slip fault, (Z) reverse fault

Sedimentary layers were exposed to an earth movement, so they became inclined, and after a period of time the sea covered them. What is the resulting geological structure in the area? (2nd session 2021)

1. A Nonconformity
2. B Disconformity
3. C Cross bedding
4. D Angular unconformity

What are the similarities between the angular unconformity and the disconformity? (1st session 2022)

1. A Both are found between igneous and sedimentary rocks
2. B Both are found between layers inclined in two different directions
3. C Both are found between parallel layers
4. D Both are found between sedimentary rocks

Which of the following figures does not represent an unconformity surface? (2nd session 2022)

1. A A
2. B B
3. C C
4. D D

What are the types of the unconformity surfaces (X), (Z) and (W) in the opposite section? (Trial exam 2023)

1. A (X) angular, (Z) disconformity, (W) nonconformity
2. B (X) angular, (Z) nonconformity, (W) disconformity
3. C (X) disconformity, (Z) angular, (W) nonconformity
4. D (X) nonconformity, (Z) disconformity, (W) angular

An earth movement raised horizontal layers as they were at the time of deposition, and no strong folding or faulting resulted from it. Assuming one of the layers was exposed to erosion and then deposition continued, what is the type of unconformity expected to happen? (2nd session 2023)

1. A Angular only
2. B Disconformity only
3. C Angular and disconformity
4. D Angular and nonconformity

Section (X) consists of parallel horizontal layers separated by fragments of rounded gravel.
Section (Z) consists of parallel horizontal layers separated by igneous basalt sheets.
What is the type of unconformity in sections (X) and (Z), respectively? (1st session 2024)

1. A (X) disconformity / (Z) nonconformity
2. B (X) and (Z) both nonconformity
3. C (X) and (Z) both disconformity
4. D (X) nonconformity / (Z) disconformity

From the opposite vertical section, what is the type of unconformity surface whose presence is certain? (2nd session 2024)

1. A Nonconformity above the marble
2. B Disconformity below the limestone
3. C Nonconformity below the sandstone
4. D Disconformity above the limestone

From the opposite diagram, which of the following geological structures does the letter (X) represent, whose study and importance involve the three branches of geology? (Sample exam 2025)

1. A Folds
2. B Mud cracks
3. C Cross bedding
4. D Unconformity

The opposite sections (A) and (B) represent sedimentary sequences in distant areas. What geological structures do (XY) and (ZL) represent? (1st session 2025)

1. A (XY) disconformity, (ZL) reverse fault
2. B (XY) disconformity, (ZL) normal fault
3. C (XY) nonconformity, (ZL) reverse fault
4. D (XY) angular unconformity, (ZL) normal fault

The opposite vertical section represents a sedimentary sequence. The structures (X), (Y) and (Z) represent, respectively, .......... (2nd session 2025)

1. A (X) nonconformity surface / (Y) syncline / (Z) reverse fault
2. B (X) angular unconformity surface / (Y) anticline / (Z) normal fault
3. C (X) nonconformity surface / (Y) syncline / (Z) normal fault
4. D (X) angular unconformity surface / (Y) anticline / (Z) reverse fault

From your study of the opposite figure, what do (X - X) and (Y - Y) represent, respectively? (2nd session 2025)

1. A (X - X) reverse fault / (Y - Y) disconformity surface
2. B (X - X) reverse fault / (Y - Y) angular unconformity surface
3. C (X - X) normal fault / (Y - Y) nonconformity surface
4. D (X - X) normal fault / (Y - Y) disconformity surface

A rock section contains two perfectly parallel layers of sandstone, separated by a mass of igneous basalt rock. Which of the following choices correctly describes the geological structure found in the section? (Sample exam 2026)

1. A Angular unconformity
2. B Disconformity
3. C Nonconformity
4. D Ripple marks

The upper surface of metamorphic slate rock that has layers of sedimentary mudstone above it is considered .......... (Sample exam 2026)

1. A a joint surface
2. B an angular unconformity
3. C a disconformity
4. D a nonconformity

The opposite figure represents a vertical section of a sedimentary sequence. What geological structures do the numbers (1) and (2) in the figure represent? (Sample exam 2026)

1. A (1) anticline, (2) nonconformity surface
2. B (1) syncline, (2) angular unconformity surface
3. C (1) angular unconformity surface, (2) syncline
4. D (1) disconformity surface, (2) anticline

Old sedimentary layers were broken and moved as a result of tension forces, then a basalt lava flow covered them at a later time. Which of the following may appear in the vertical section passing through the geological formation? (Sample exam 2026)

1. A Nonconformity
2. B Normal fault
3. C Disconformity
4. D Overthrust fault

A fold consists of 4 layers. Deduce the following: (Sample exam 2025)
(1) How many limbs are there?
(2) How many axes are there?

The opposite figure shows a vertical sedimentary sequence in the Earth's crust with the igneous intrusions (A) and (B). Study it, then answer: (1st session 2023, Sample exam 2025)
(1) What is the geological structure (XX)?
(2) What is the geological structure (YY)?
(3) Which is older, structure (A) or structure (B)?

The opposite figure shows geological structures. Study them well, then answer: (2nd session 2023)
(1) Deduce structure (Y) before it was exposed to tension.
(2) What is the structure resulting from (Y) after it was exposed to tension?
(3) Identify structure (X).
(4) What is the type of structure (X)?

Study the opposite section, then answer: (1st session 2024)
(1) What does the structural element (X) represent?
(2) What is the type of the tectonic structure (Y)?
(3) What is the type of unconformity (Z)?